田块尺度下的苏北滩涂新垦农田土壤盐分空间变异性分析

为了消减盐碱障碍和提升地力,研究了苏北典型滩涂新垦农田土壤盐分的空间变异性。结果表明,农田土壤盐分东低西高,整体上属轻度盐渍化(含盐量1.27～1.98g/kg),但存在着盐斑(含盐量大于2g/kg)。表层及次表层土壤含盐量空间自相关程度强烈,其结构方差比分别为88.88%、80.75%;而其余土层含盐量间自相关程度为中等。垂直方向上,土壤盐分主要集中在犁底层(20～40cm)。     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

棉种介电分选的试验研究

介电分选是一种新型的种子分选方法,具有结构简单、适应性强、分选效果好和可按种子活力进行分级的特点.电导率是反映种子活力的一个重要指标,分选电压是影响介电分选效果的一个重要因素,为了探讨电导率与分选电压之间的关系,介绍了棉种介电分选的原理,并在不同的分选电压条件下对棉种电导率进行了测定,同一条件下重复测定5次,所得数据用DPS统计软件进行分析处理.结果表明,分选电压对棉种电导率有影响,且回归效果显著.     

PEG对10℃低温吸胀下实葶葱种子萌发的影响

基于种子萌发试验,测定了10℃低温对实葶葱种子发芽的影响及浓度为0%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的PEG处理对实葶葱种子低温吸胀1、2、3、5、7 d的缓解作用.结果表明:10℃低温吸胀持续时间超过临界时间(1 d)时就会抑制实葶葱种子的萌发.10℃低温吸胀通过PEG的渗透调节,可显著改善实葶葱种子的萌发,其中以处理浓度15%时效果最好,并随着低温吸胀时间的延长PEG的作用越明显.各浓度PEG处理10℃低温吸胀的实葶葱种子1d时种子萌发效果最佳.     

He-Ne激光辐射对糯玉米种子的生物学效应

种子活力是检验种子质量高低的一项最重要的指标。采用苏糯一号玉米种子为材料,研究了He-Ne激光不同剂量以及不同照射时间对糯玉米种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、电导率、可溶性蛋白含量以及淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,采用13mA剂量的激光照射糯玉米种子50s能够明显的提高其种子活力,增加幼苗可溶性蛋白和淀粉的含量。     

Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France

We studied soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and porosity in five combinations of soil tillage and cover crop management systems. Treatments were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on a conventionally tilled soil (CT), on a no‐till soil (NT), and on an NT with three different cover crops: red fescue (Festuca rubra L.; Fr), bird's‐foot‐trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; Lc) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Ms). Measurements were made on a loamy soil in Grignon, France, in November 2004, May 2005 and October 2005. K and mean size of hydraulically active pores were measured in situ at three water potentials (?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa) at the soil surface and at 10 cm depth. In November 2004 and May 2005, pore space was described using 2D image analysis of pores on undisturbed soil samples in the 0–10 cm layer and in the 10–20 cm layer. The major differences were caused by soil tillage that created two heterogeneous soil layers and increased K in the 0–10 cm layer relative to NT. The effects of cover crop on K and porosity were not affected by the root type: there were no major differences between the grass cover crop (fibrous‐root type) and the leguminous ones (tap‐root type). However, we recorded larger functional pores and more tubules in the no‐till treatments with a cover crop, compared with the no‐till treatment without cover crop; this was probably the result of root activity. Although these changes generally did not result in larger values of K, they participated in the maintenance of soil structure and K over time.     

BTH对新疆甜瓜过氧化物酶的系统诱导作用

采用3种浓度(25,50,100μg·ml-1)的BTH对耐病品种皇后和感病品种早金的第一片真叶进行诱导处理后,经诱导后不同时间测定第一片和第二片真叶的过氧化物酶(POD)活性,结果表明:BTH的三种不同的浓度处理均能诱导出耐病品种皇后第一片和第二片真叶的过氧化物酶(POD)活性的升高,与空白差异显著,以25μg·ml-1BTH处理的过氧化物酶(POD)活性最高,空白的为最低。第一片真叶的酶活性高峰为诱导处理后的第7天和第16天,第二片真叶的酶活性高峰为诱导处理后的第16天。BTH的三种不同的浓度处理也能诱导出感病品种早金第一片和第二片真叶的过氧化物酶(POD)活性的升高,但与空白差异不显著。以25μg·ml-1BTH处理的过氧化物酶(POD)活性最高,空白的最低。证明了甜瓜抗病性与甜瓜植株过氧化物酶活力呈正相关。BTH诱导酶活性的效应可以通过植物的输导组织,传导给其它未经处理的甜瓜组织,诱导其它组织中的过氧化物酶(POD)活性的升高。以25μg·ml-1BTH诱导效果最好。     

Estimation of irrigation return flow from paddy fields considering the soil moisture

The objective of this study was to estimate irrigation return flow in irrigated paddy fields considering the soil moisture. The proposed model was applied to examine its feasibility with regard to the growing period of rice. Simulation results showed a good agreement between the observed and simulated values: root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.05-7.27 mm day⁻¹, coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.72-0.73, and coefficient of efficiency (E) of 0.54-0.55. The estimated average annual irrigation return flow during the period from 1998 to 2001 was 306.2 mm, which was approximately 25.7% of the annual irrigation amounts. Of this annual irrigation return flow, 14.1% was attributable to quick and 11.6% to delayed return flow. These results indicate that considerable amounts of irrigation water in the paddy fields were returned to streams and canals by surface runoff and groundwater discharge. The modeling assessment method proposed in this study can be used to manage agriculture water and estimate irrigation return flow under different hydrological and water management conditions.     

梅花品种抗寒性的比较分析

用电导法和生长法测定了梅花38个主要代表品种的抗寒性,并对梅花的系统、类、型的抗寒性进行了比较。结果表明,杏梅系统比真梅系统抗寒,真梅系统的直脚梅类和垂枝梅类比龙游梅类抗寒。在直脚梅类的六个型中,玉蝶型和绿萼型抗寒性较强,朱砂型抗寒弱。垂枝梅类的‘骨红垂枝’同直脚梅类的朱砂型抗寒性相似。对梅花品种抗寒性的季节性变化、同型及同品种在不同栽培地区的差异及其枝条脱水等也进行了一些讨论。提出了在北京地区引种栽培梅花的几点意见。     

电导法对11种常绿阔叶树种抗寒性的测定

以6年生11种常绿阔叶树种为试材,通过低温处理,用电导法测定叶片相对电导率。用Logistic曲线拟合求出拐点温度(即半致死温度)(tL50),作为各试材抗寒力评价的参考指标,并将11种常绿阔叶树种的半致死温度(tL50)进行比较。结果表明:11种试材抗寒性顺序依次为:北海道黄杨>大叶黄杨>刺桂>石楠>光叶石楠>爬行卫矛>扶芳藤>日本女贞>红叶石楠>桂花>女贞。